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Forest gardening is a low-maintenance sustainable plant-based food production and agroforestry system based on woodland ecosystems, incorporating fruit and nut trees, shrubs, herbs, vines and perennial vegetables which have yields directly useful to humans. Making use of companion planting, these can be intermixed to grow in a succession of layers, to build a woodland habitat. Forest gardening is a prehistoric method of securing food in tropical areas. In the 1980s, Robert Hart coined the term "forest gardening" after adapting the principles and applying them to temperate climates. ==History== Forest gardens are probably the world's oldest form of land use and most resilient agroecosystem.〔Hart, Robert A. de J. (1996a), p.124: "Forest gardening, in the sense of finding uses for and attempting to control the growth of wild plants, is undoubtedly the oldest form of land use in the world."〕〔 Douglas John McConnell (2003). ''(The Forest Farms of Kandy: And Other Gardens of Complete Design )'', p.1, "Forest garden farms are probably the world's oldest and most resilient agroecosystem."〕 They originated in prehistoric times along jungle-clad river banks and in the wet foothills of monsoon regions. In the gradual process of families improving their immediate environment, useful tree and vine species were identified, protected and improved whilst undesirable species were eliminated. Eventually superior foreign species were selected and incorporated into the gardens. Forest gardens are still common in the tropics and known by various names such as: ''home gardens'' in Kerala in South India, Nepal, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Tanzania; ''Kandyan forest gardens'' in Sri Lanka; ''huertos familiares'', the "family orchards" of Mexico; and ''pekarangan'', the gardens of "complete design", in Java.〔(timeshighereducation.co.uk )〕 These are also called agroforests and, where the wood components are short-statured, the term shrub garden is employed. Forest gardens have been shown to be a significant source of income and food security for local populations. Robert Hart adapted forest gardening for the United Kingdom's temperate climate during the 1980s.〔 His theories were later developed by Martin Crawford from the Agroforestry Research Trust and various permaculturalists such as Graham Bell, Patrick Whitefield, Dave Jacke and Geoff Lawton. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「forest gardening」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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